Lead-acid batteries have come a long way. Their workload in research, science, and manufacturing technology is staggering. High voltage, robustness, infrastructure, and low cost will ensure their long-term existence.

　　weight

　　We have visited at least 10 factories in China. One interesting thing I learned is that you can judge a sealed lead-acid battery based on its weight. They said: "If you want cheap batteries, no problem, we will use thinner plates and less lead." Of course, thinner plates will fail faster and have a longer life. That is a trade-off. All battery factories in China have the same basic profit margin, so if batteries are much cheaper, now you know why. You can judge the quality of sealed lead-acid batteries by weight.

　　Coulomb efficiency

　　This is the efficiency of battery charging and depends only on the number of electrons you push in. If the wattage is compared with the wattage, it must be considered that the battery charge voltage is higher than the battery discharge voltage. The coulomb charging efficiency of a fully charged lead-acid battery is usually 70%, which means you must put 142-ampere hours into the battery for every 100-ampere hours. It depends on temperature, charging speed, and battery type.

　　The charging efficiency of sealed lead-acid batteries is higher, depending on the overall charging voltage, which can be higher than 95%.

　　Lowest voltage

　　Every battery with a voltage higher than 2.15 volts will charge a lead-acid battery, which is the voltage of the basic chemical substance. This also means that nothing can be charged for each battery below 2.15V (Sealed 12v Battery is 12.9V). However, in most cases, a higher voltage than this will be used because this will force the charging reaction to proceed at a higher rate. Charging at the minimum voltage will take a long time. As the voltage is increased to achieve a faster-charging speed, the voltage to avoid is the vent voltage, which limits the level that this voltage can increase before an adverse chemical reaction occurs. The typical charging voltage is between 2.15 volts per battery (12.9 volts for 12V 6-cell batteries) and 2.35 volts (14.1 volts for 12V 6-cell batteries). These voltages are suitable for fully charged batteries and will not be overcharged or damaged. If the battery is not fully charged, a higher voltage can be used without damaging the battery, because the charging reaction takes precedence over any chemical reaction of overcharging before the battery is fully charged. This is why the battery charger can work at 14.4 to 15 volts during the high-capacity charging phase of the charging cycle.

　　The basic lead-acid battery is ancient and many different charging methods have been used. In the past, when the voltage was difficult to adjust accurately, a lead-acid battery was important because the water could be replaced. Lead-acid chemicals are quite tolerant of overcharging. As long as sales are slow, even sealed lead-acid batteries can recycle the gas they produce to prevent damage to the battery, so marketing organizations can use extremely cheap chargers. We provide a variety of chargers, from cheap to very complex, depending on the customer's requirements, but all the chargers we sell now are strictly managed and will not overcharge the battery.

　　Cycle and standby charging.

　　Some lead-acid batteries are used in standby mode, rarely recycled, but constantly charged. If these batteries are charged at a float voltage of 2.25 to 2.3 volts/battery (25 degrees Celsius) (13.5V to 13.8V for Sealed 12v Battery), their lifespan may be very long. This low voltage prevents the battery from losing water during long-term floating charging. For those batteries used in deep discharge cycle mode, as long as the voltage drops to the float voltage after charging is completed, they can be charged up to 2.45 volts per battery (Sealed 12v Battery is 14.7V) to obtain the highest charging rate.